These paradox-ridden places are where gravity reaches its zenith and Einstein’s general relativity theory fails. This could resolve Hawking’s paradox.Įverything traces back to black holes. Quantum error correction, as well as preventing firewalls, also explains how qubits escape a black hole after falling in, through strands of entanglement between the inside and outside that are themselves like miniature wormholes. It appears quantum error correction is “essential for maintaining the smoothness of space-time at the horizon” of a two-mouthed black hole, called a wormhole. The theory enables to probe the mysteries of black holes. – John Preskill, a theoretical physicist at the California Institute of TechnologyĪnd in 2018, Almheiri expanded the theory to the black holes in a new article “ Holographic Quantum Error Correction and the Projected Black Hole Interior”. I think this connection with quantum error correction is the deepest explanation we have for why that’s the case. We’re not walking on eggshells to make sure we don’t make the geometry fall apart. Everything inside a region of the interior space-time called the “entanglement wedge” can be reconstructed from qubits on an adjacent region of the boundary. With space-time, the same correction seems to exist so, any point in the interior of AdS space could be constructed from slightly more than half of the boundary - just as in an optimal quantum error-correcting code. The best error-correcting codes can typically recover all of the encoded information from slightly more than half of your physical qubits, even if the rest are corrupted. It protects information by store it not in individual qubits, but in patterns of entanglement among many.
Quantum error correction explains how space-time achieves its “intrinsic robustness,” despite being woven out of fragile quantum stuff. That’s what makes gravity different from all the other forces. The most fundamental property of gravity is that there are black holes. And more importantly, both kinds of universes contain black holes. Both space-time geometries abide by Einstein’s theory they simply curve in different directions. Also, AdS space shares many key properties with a de Sitter world and it’s simpler to study.
One main difference is that our universe is infused with positive vacuum energy that causes it to expand without bound, while anti-de Sitter space has negative vacuum energy. In our life, we experience a de Sitter space-time geometry and it’s different from an AdS space. AdS space is well known to physicists thanks to Juan Maldacena who proposed the anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence (AdS/CFT) that space-time is “holographically dual” to a quantum theory of particles living on the lower-dimensional, gravity-free boundary. In this representation, space-time in the interior of the universe is a projection that emerges from entangled quantum particles present on its outer boundary. Their main idea was to consider a virtual universe called “anti-de Sitter space” (AdS) working like a hologram. The discovery is opening a new way to capture more properties of space-time.įrom left: Ahmed Almheiri, Xi Dong and Daniel Harlow originated a powerful new idea that the fabric of space-time is a quantum error-correcting code.
HARLOW QUANTUM ERROR CORRECTION CODE
In their paper “ Bulk Locality and Quantum Error Correction in AdS/CFT” published in its first version in November 2014, they showed that space-time emerges from this quantum error correction code in an anti-de Sitter (AdS) universes. The three physicists at the origin of this discovery, Ahmed Almheiri, Xi Dong and Daniel Harlow, suggested that a holographic “emergence” of space-time works just like a quantum error-correcting code.
Generally, gravity is defined as the fabric of space and time but beyond Einstein’s theory, there must be a quantum origin from which the space-time somehow emerges. In 2014, physicists found evidence of a deep connection between quantum error correction and the nature of space, time and gravity. Olivier Alirol, Resonance Science Foundation Research Scientist
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